• Hydropic Change
  • Cellular swelling occurs when ischemia causes ATP depletion and the loss of membrane ion pumps, resulting in the movement of water into cells. It is a form of reversible injury.
• Adaptation
  • Reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, or function of cells in response to stimuli (e.g. hormonal or neural) or injury.
• Hypertrophy
  • Increase in the size of cells
• Hyperplasia
  • Increase in the number of cells
• Atrophy
  • Decrease in the size or number of cells
• Metaplasia
  • Reversible change from on differentiated cell to to another.
• Barrett esophagus
  • Intestinal metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium in response to gastric (acid) reflux.
• Steatosis
  • A reversible accumulation of triglycerides in cells (particularly hepatocytes) as a result metabolic dysfunction.
• Hemosiderin
  • A hemoglobin derived pigment that is deposited when red blood cells are digested by macrophages.
• Dystrophic calcification
  • The deposition of calcium phosphate in areas of necrosis or chronic cellular injury.
• Pyknosis
  • Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus
• Karyorrhexis
  • The irreversible destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a necrotic cell.
• Karyolysis
  • The complete dissolution of the nucleus of a cell (irreversible).
• Apoptosis
  • "Programmed" cell death induced by the activation of a suicide pathway. In contrast to necrosis, it usually occurs with single cells that are ultimately resorbed, and does not elicit an inflammatory response.
• Intrinsic apoptosis
  • Self-induced apoptosis occurring via the Bcl-2 and mitochondrial suicide pathways.
• Extrinsic apoptosis
  • Induction of apoptosis by the activation of membrane bound death receptors.
• Acidophil body
  • An eosinophilic apoptotic hepatocyte frequently seen in viral hepatitis.
• Mallory Body
  • An eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusion containing cytokeratin and ubiquitin frequently seen in alcoholic liver disease
• Necrosis
  • The death of cells resulting from, for example, loss of blood supply, bacterial toxins, or physical or chemical agents. Subdivided into caseous, coagulative, liquefactive, gangrenous, fat, and fibrinoid (we define these in subsequent labs).
• Gangrenous necrosis
  • Necrotic tissue acted upon by bacteria. "wet" and "dry" types.
• Edema
  • The abnormal accumulation of interstitial (extravascular) fluid.
• Transudate
  • Fluid that escapes the vasculature because of disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure.
• Exudate
  • Fluid that that escapes the vasculature because of inflammation.

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