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• Hypoxia
  • Deprivation of an adequate oxygen supply to an organ, tissue or whole body.
• Anoxia
  • Complete deprivation of oxygen (i.e. maximal hypoxia).
• Ischemia
  • A restriction in blood supply to an organ or tissue, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen, glucose, etc. It is a cause of hypoxia. It can result from an obstruction of blood flow (thrombosis, embolism) or a general decrease in flow (e.g. hypoperfusion due to heart failure).
• Hypoxemia
  • Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, often due to inadequate ventilation (e.g. lung disease) or decreased in environmental oxygen (e.g. altitude sickness). It is a cause of hypoxia.
• Anemia
  • Decreased hemoglobin in the blood resulting in hypoxia but NOT hypoxemia.
• Hypoperfusion
  • Decreased blood flow through an organ as a result of hypovolemia (e.g. due to significant blood loss) or hypotension (e.g. due to cardiac dysfunction.
• Hypercoagulability / Thrombophilia
  • Alterations in the coagulation pathways that leads to thrombosis. There are both primary (genetic) and secondary (acquired) types.
• Thrombus / Thrombosis
  • An accumulation of polymerized fibrin and platelet aggregates in a blood vessel, resulting from the inappropriate activation of the hemostatic pathway (due to endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and/or hypercoagulability).
• Embolus / Embolism
  • Disruption of blood flow by a mass that has travelled from another part of the body and lodged in a vessel. The mass may be solid (e.g. a thrombus), liquid (e.g. amniotic fluid), or gaseous (e.g. air).
• Liquefactive necrosis
  • Complete autolysis of necrotic debris resulting in a liquid, viscous mass. Occurs in skin (a.k.a pus) and in the central nervous system (for unknown reasons).
• Consumptive coagulopathy
  • A hypocoagulable state brought on by the consumption of clotting factors and platelets due to runaway microthrombosis.